Conclusion
From the point of view of believers of all monotheistic traditions, the outcome of the war was a disappointment. The American Protestants for the most part were against the President, the German Protestants involved themselves in the 'conservative revolution', or tended towards ideological extremism in reaction to humiliation and the threat of revolution. Catholics expressed their doubts about the capacity of the League to deal with crises and their bitterness at seeing the Papacy excluded from the new institution. The fear of a threat from the left bank of the Rhine led the French to encourage Rhenish and Bavarian separatism on a denominational basis. The Sunnis of the Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent had been loyal to the colonial authorities, but those in Mashreq were increasingly resentful of the French and the British. As for the Jews, the Zionist project continued to cause divisions. But the 'modern world' of liberalism had weakened considerably and was the target of criticism in so far as it was blamed for the misfortunes of war, human wastage and destruction. Substitutes for 'liberal democracy' were put forward: the restoration of Christianity, the Ummah, or Israel went alongside the project for socialist world revolution.
